We examined how associations between brain morphology and ADHD symptoms change with adjustments for potential confounders typically overlooked in the literature (aim 1), and for the intelligence quotient (IQ) and head motion, which are generally corrected for but play ambiguous roles (aim 2). These may partly stem from confounding bias, which could distort associations and limit generalizability. We thank the participants, general practitioners, hospitals, midwives, and pharmacies in Rotterdam who contributed to the study.Ībstract = "Background: Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and brain morphology have been reported, although with several inconsistencies.
Authors are supported by an NWO-VICI grant (NWO-ZonMW: 016.VICI.170.200 to HT) for HT, LDA, SL, and the Sophia Foundation S18-20, and Erasmus University and Erasmus MC Fellowship for RLM. Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Exacte Wetenschappen) and SURF-sara (Cartesius Compute Cluster, ) supported the Supercomputing resources. Neuroimaging data acquisition was funded by the European Community’s 7th Framework Program (FP7/2008-2013, 212652, Nutrimenthe). The Generation R Study is supported by Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Rotterdam Homecare Foundation, the Municipal Health Service Rotterdam area, the Stichting Trombosedienst & Artsenlaboratorium Rijnmond, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. This work reflects the authors’ views, and may not reflect those of the NIH or ABCD investigators. While ABCD investigators designed, implemented the study, and/or provided data, they did not participate in this manuscript. Participating sites and study investigators are shown at.
Funding: Authors are supported by an NWO-VICI grant (NWO-ZonMW: 016.VICI.170.200 to HT) for HT, LDA, SL, and the Sophia Foundation S18-20, and Erasmus University and Erasmus MC Fellowship for RLM. We provided guidance to minimizing confounding bias in psychiatric neuroimaging. Conclusions: Careful confounder selection and control can help identify more robust and specific regions of associations for ADHD symptoms, across two cohorts. Cluster sizes further changed when including IQ and head motion (aim 2), however, we argue that adjustments might have introduced bias. Additional adjustments for socioeconomic and maternal behavioral confounders (aim 1) generally attenuated associations, as cluster sizes halved and effect sizes substantially reduced. Results: ADHD symptoms related to widespread cortical regions when solely adjusting for demographic factors. Surface-based cross-sectional analyses were run.
Cortical area, volume, and thickness were measured with MRI and ADHD symptoms with the Child Behavior Checklist. Methods: Participants were 10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (N = 7722) and Generation R (N = 2531) Studies.
Background: Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and brain morphology have been reported, although with several inconsistencies.
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